Pathophysiological Features of Cytokine Storm.

Cytokine storm can occur as a result of inappropriate recognition (e.g., in hypersensitivity) or ineffective recognition with immune evasion (e.g., in Epstein–Barr virus [EBV]–associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis [HLH]), an inappropriate response with an exaggerated effector response and cytokine production (e.g., in chimeric antigen receptor [CAR] T-cell therapy) or an ineffective response due to immune evasion (e.g., in sepsis), or failure to terminate homeostasis or return to homeostasis (e.g., in HLH). Examples of drugs that can inhibit signaling pathways are shown in boxes. Covid-19 denotes coronavirus disease 2019, CS cytokine storm, IL1RA interleukin-1–receptor antagonist, IP-10 interferon-inducible protein 10, JAK-STAT3 Janus kinase–signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, MAPK mitogen-activated protein kinase, MCP-1 monocyte chemotactic protein 1, MIP-1α macrophage inflammatory protein 1α, mTOR mammalian target of rapamycin, NF-κB nuclear factor κB, TNF tumor necrosis factor, and Tregs regulatory T cells.